AIDS & HIV Disorders Practice Questions
Common immunologic disorders
Immunologic disorders range from mild ailments (such as hypersensitivity vasculitis) to life-threatening ones (such as anaphylaxis). Some are congenital, whereas others are acquired. Immunologic disorders may result from:
- hyperreactivity, as in allergic rhinitis
- autoimmunity, as in SLE
- immunodeficiency, as in AIDS.
find out following 9 Practice Questions based on AIDS.
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AIDS & HIV Disorders Practice Questions.
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- Question 1 of 9
1. Question
An infant of a mother infected with HIV is seen in the clinic each month and is being monitored for symptoms indicative of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The nurse assesses the infant, knowing that which infection is the most common opportunistic infection of children infected with HIV?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. The most common opportunistic infection of children infected with HIV is P. jiroveci pneumonia, which occurs most frequently between the ages of 3 and 6 months, when HIV status may be indeterminate. Cytomegalovirus infection is also characteristic of HIV infection; however, it is not the most common opportunistic infection. Although neurological abnormalities and gastrointestinal disturbances may occur in a child with HIV infection, options 1 and 2 are not specific opportunistic infections noted in the HIV-infected child.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. The most common opportunistic infection of children infected with HIV is P. jiroveci pneumonia, which occurs most frequently between the ages of 3 and 6 months, when HIV status may be indeterminate. Cytomegalovirus infection is also characteristic of HIV infection; however, it is not the most common opportunistic infection. Although neurological abnormalities and gastrointestinal disturbances may occur in a child with HIV infection, options 1 and 2 are not specific opportunistic infections noted in the HIV-infected child.
- Question 2 of 9
2. Question
The nurse provides home care instructions to the parent of a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which statement by the parent indicates the need for further teaching?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. A child with AIDS who is sick or has a fever should be kept home and not brought to a day care center. Options 1, 2, and 3 are correct statements and would be actions a caregiver should take when the child has AIDS.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. A child with AIDS who is sick or has a fever should be kept home and not brought to a day care center. Options 1, 2, and 3 are correct statements and would be actions a caregiver should take when the child has AIDS.
- Question 3 of 9
3. Question
The clinic nurse is instructing the parent of a child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection regarding immunizations. The nurse should provide which instruction to the parent?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 2 is correct answer.
Rationale: Immunizations against common childhood illnesses are recommended for all children exposed to or infected with HIV. The inactivated influenza vaccine that is given intramuscularly will be administered (influenza vaccine should be given yearly). The hepatitis B vaccine is administered according to the recommended immunization schedule. Varicella-zoster virus vaccine should not be given because it is a live virus vaccine; varicella-zoster immunoglobulin may be prescribed after chickenpox exposure. Option 4 is unnecessary and is inaccurate.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 2 is correct answer.
Rationale: Immunizations against common childhood illnesses are recommended for all children exposed to or infected with HIV. The inactivated influenza vaccine that is given intramuscularly will be administered (influenza vaccine should be given yearly). The hepatitis B vaccine is administered according to the recommended immunization schedule. Varicella-zoster virus vaccine should not be given because it is a live virus vaccine; varicella-zoster immunoglobulin may be prescribed after chickenpox exposure. Option 4 is unnecessary and is inaccurate.
- Question 4 of 9
4. Question
A health care provider prescribes laboratory studies for an infant of a woman positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to determine the presence of HIV antigen in the infant. The nurse anticipates that which laboratory study will be prescribed for the infant?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: The detection of HIV in infants is confirmed by a p24 antigen assay, virus culture of HIV, or polymerase chain reaction. A Western blot test confirms the presence of HIV antibodies. The CD4+ cell count indicates how well the immune system is working. A chest x-ray evaluates the presence of other manifestations of HIV infection, such as pneumonia.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: The detection of HIV in infants is confirmed by a p24 antigen assay, virus culture of HIV, or polymerase chain reaction. A Western blot test confirms the presence of HIV antibodies. The CD4+ cell count indicates how well the immune system is working. A chest x-ray evaluates the presence of other manifestations of HIV infection, such as pneumonia.
- Question 5 of 9
5. Question
The mother with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection brings her 10-month-old infant to the clinic for a routine checkup. The health care provider has documented that the infant is asymptomatic for HIV infection. After the checkup, the mother tells the nurse that she is so pleased that the infant will not get HIV. The nurse should make which most appropriate response to the mother?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. Most children infected with HIV develop symptoms within the first 9 months of life. The remaining infected children become symptomatic sometime before age 3 years. With their immature immune systems, children have a much shorter incubation period than adults. Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is caused by HIV and characterized by generalized dysfunction of the immune system. Most children infected with HIV develop symptoms within the first 9 months of life. The remaining infected children become symptomatic sometime before age 3 years. With their immature immune systems, children have a much shorter incubation period than adults. Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect.
- Question 6 of 9
6. Question
A 6-year-old child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been admitted to the hospital for pain management. The child asks the nurse if the pain will ever go away. The nurse should make which best response to the child?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 3 is correct answer.
Rationale: The multiple complications associated with HIV are accompanied by a high level of pain. Aggressive pain management is essential for the child to have an acceptable quality of life. The nurse must acknowledge the child’s pain and let the child know that everything will be done to decrease the pain. Telling the child that movement or lack thereof would eliminate the pain is inaccurate. Allowing a child to think that he or she can control the pain simply by thinking or not thinking about it oversimplifies the pain cycle associated with HIV. Giving false hope by telling the child that the pain will be taken “all away” is neither truthful nor realistic.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 3 is correct answer.
Rationale: The multiple complications associated with HIV are accompanied by a high level of pain. Aggressive pain management is essential for the child to have an acceptable quality of life. The nurse must acknowledge the child’s pain and let the child know that everything will be done to decrease the pain. Telling the child that movement or lack thereof would eliminate the pain is inaccurate. Allowing a child to think that he or she can control the pain simply by thinking or not thinking about it oversimplifies the pain cycle associated with HIV. Giving false hope by telling the child that the pain will be taken “all away” is neither truthful nor realistic.
- Question 7 of 9
7. Question
The nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The nurse should plan care with the understanding that which childhood psychosocial need occurs at this age?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: A preschool child begins to conceptualize the death process as involving physical harm. A child from birth to 2 years of age is unable to grasp the concept of illness and death. A school-age child begins to understand that something is wrong. An adolescent expresses fear, withdrawal, and denial.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 4 is correct answer.
Rationale: A preschool child begins to conceptualize the death process as involving physical harm. A child from birth to 2 years of age is unable to grasp the concept of illness and death. A school-age child begins to understand that something is wrong. An adolescent expresses fear, withdrawal, and denial.
- Question 8 of 9
8. Question
The home care nurse provides instructions regarding basic infection control to the parent of an infant with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Which statement, if made by the parent, indicates the need for further instruction?
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 1 is correct answer.
Rationale: HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The mother of an infant with HIV should be instructed to use a bleach solution for disinfecting contaminated objects or cleaning up spills from the child’s diaper. Alcohol would not be effective in destroying the virus. Options 2, 3, and 4 are accurate instructions related to basic infection control.
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 1 is correct answer.
Rationale: HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The mother of an infant with HIV should be instructed to use a bleach solution for disinfecting contaminated objects or cleaning up spills from the child’s diaper. Alcohol would not be effective in destroying the virus. Options 2, 3, and 4 are accurate instructions related to basic infection control.
- Question 9 of 9
9. Question
Which home care instructions should the nurse provide to the parent of a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply.
CorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 1,2,3,5 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and is characterized by a generalized dysfunction of the immune system. Home care instructions include the following: frequent hand-washing; monitoring for fever, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea and notifying the health care provider if these occur; monitoring for signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections; administering antiretroviral medications and other medications as prescribed; avoiding exposure to other illnesses; keeping immunizations up to date; monitoring weight and providing a high-calorie, high-protein diet; washing eating utensils in the dishwasher; and avoiding sharing eating utensils. Gloves are worn for care, especially when in contact with body fluids and changing diapers; diapers are changed frequently and away from food areas, and soiled disposable diapers are folded inward, closed with the tabs, and disposed of in a tightly covered plastic-lined container. Any body fluid spills are cleaned with a bleach solution (10:1 ratio of water to bleach).
IncorrectAnswers and Rationale
Option 1,2,3,5 is correct answer.
Rationale: AIDS is a disorder caused by HIV and is characterized by a generalized dysfunction of the immune system. Home care instructions include the following: frequent hand-washing; monitoring for fever, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea and notifying the health care provider if these occur; monitoring for signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections; administering antiretroviral medications and other medications as prescribed; avoiding exposure to other illnesses; keeping immunizations up to date; monitoring weight and providing a high-calorie, high-protein diet; washing eating utensils in the dishwasher; and avoiding sharing eating utensils. Gloves are worn for care, especially when in contact with body fluids and changing diapers; diapers are changed frequently and away from food areas, and soiled disposable diapers are folded inward, closed with the tabs, and disposed of in a tightly covered plastic-lined container. Any body fluid spills are cleaned with a bleach solution (10:1 ratio of water to bleach).
Time and mortality
The time between probable exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the agent that causes AIDS) and diagnosis of AIDS averages 8 to 10 years. Children seem to have a shorter incubation time, with a mean of 8 months. Worldwide, more than 75% of AIDS patients die within 2 years of diagnosis. Patients may be HIV-positive and asymptomatic for varying periods.
What causes it
AIDS is caused by infection with HIV, a retrovirus present in body fluids, such as blood and semen. Modes of HIV transmission include:
- sexual contact, especially associated with trauma to the rectal or vaginal mucosa
How it’s treated
Although no cure exists for AIDS, signs and symptoms can be managed with treatment. Primary therapy for HIV infection includes four categories of antiretroviral drugs:
- Reverse transcriptase inhibitors include nucleoside and non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Drugs in this category include abacavir (Ziagen), delavirdine (Rescriptor), didanosine, lamivudine, nevirapine (Viramune), tenofovir (Viread), and zido vudine (Retrovir).
- Protease inhibitors include fosamprenavir (Lexiva), i ndinavir (Crixivan), ritonavir (Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase), and tipranavir ( Aptivus).
- Fusion inhibitors include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon).
- Integrase inhibitors include raltegravir (Isentress). Used in various combinations, these drugs are designed to inhibit HIV viral replication.